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Executive summary

This paper proposes ＤＤT is no longer more effective than before.


Literature Review

DDT was the good way to reduce malaria but now there is little effect
DDT was made use of killing a mosquito and louse all over the world and DDT was believed that there was no harm to higher animal like human. So, DDT was spread. There is famous photograph that Japanese people taking DDT powder from head in the post war. But in 1962, Rachel Carson who is famous environmental defender argued DDT were poisoning wildlife, environment and also endangering human health by publishing a book, silent spring, . Actually DDT is influenced on human health. DDT has carcinogenicity and also DDT have endocrine disruptors which effects in animals, giving rise to concerns that low-level exposure might cause similar effects in human beings. However we need to DDT `s effectiveness. According to the Cato Institute which is a libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington D.C. after South Africa stopped using DDT in 1996, the incidence of malaria in KwaZulu Natal province rose from 8,000 cases with 20 deaths in 1996, to 42,000 cases with 340 deaths in 2000. Today, after the reintroduction of DDT and new drug therapies, the number of deaths from malaria in the region is less than 50 per year. You can understand DDT is so great to reduce malaria but if we try to reduce malaria by means of DDT, now only DDT is impossible to reduce, because malaria is getting strong to DDT. There is good example of resistance to DDT by malaria. In the period from 1934-1955 there were 1.5 million cases of malaria in Sri Lanka, resulting in 80,000 deaths. After the country invested in an extensive anti-mosquito program with DDT, there were only 17 cases reported in 1963. Thereafter the program was halted, and malaria in Sri Lanka rebounded to 600,000 cases in 1968 and the first quarter of 1969. Although the country resumed spraying with DDT, many of the local mosquitoes had acquired resistance to DDT in the interimNow DDT is effect on malaria but in the future, DDT is just harm on earth without killing malaria. This paper tells you alternative way.

What way to prevent malaria?
Malaria can be prevented by the use of prophylactic anti-malarial drugs and
protection against mosquito bites thorough the use of protective clothing, insect repellents, and bednet. Anopheles which is caused of malaria is active in night, many people is infected this time. We need to defend this time from malaria during sleep. This paper suggests they use no pesticide bednet. Usually, bednet is taken pesticide into net. This bednet is called impregnated bednet. But this pesticide is problem. This paper already said DDT has a carcinogen and this impregnated bednet of pesticide have also carcinogen. according to NPO which is called circle of defending West Africa, sapa, the Permethrin which is included in this pesticide has carcinogen like DDT. If you use and touch bednet by hand you need to wash your hand. But this expert is also said　“I do not believe they wash their hand.”
Bednet is originate in having effect to prevent anopheles from coming in. this is proved in the sapa by this NPO. Besides, no pesticide bednet is cheaper than impregnated bednet. Impregnated bednet is cost them 700 yen to buy it but no pesticide bednet is only 200yen. So, if they use no pesticide bednet, they can make a bednet twice as quickly as that of impregnated.