関係代名詞の後続の形
東大過去問 2001年 1(A) 次の英文の内容を30~40字の日本語に要約せよ。句読点も字数に含める。 The other day I happened to become aware for the first time that my electric toothbrush was white with two upright blue stripes of rubber to hold the handle. The button to turn the toothbrush on and off was made of the same blue rubber. There was even a matching blue section of the brush itself, and a colored ring of rubber at the base of the brush handle. This was a far more carefully thought-out design than I had ever imagined. The same was true of my plastic throwaway razor with its graceful bend that made it seem as if the head was eagerly reaching out to do its job. If either my toothbrush or razor had been mounted on a base, it might well have qualified as a sculpture. Had they been presented as works of art, I would have seen something more than an object, something deeper in the way forms can take on a life of their own and create enduring values. “Rightly viewed(*),” Thomas Carlyle wrote in his book Sartor Resartus, “no meanest object is insignificant; all objects are as windows, through which the philosophic eye looks into Infinitude itself.” (#1)*この文章が英文として難しいのは、冒頭に、副詞句として、rightly viewed という受身型の分詞構文が使われている点です。完全分詞構文にするためには、being rightly viewed とすべきですが、このような being は省略されるのが普通です。わかりやすく読むためには、rightly viewed → being rightly viewed → when/if it is rightly viewed のように副詞節へ変換すると良い。(B) 次の英文は,ある雑誌記事の一節であるが,第2~第4,第6~第8,第10段落が抜けている。それぞれの空所を埋めるのに最もふさわしいものを,ア~ク(6~7ページ)から1つ選んでその記号を記せ。8つの選択肢のうちから7つ選ぶこと。 (1) A lonely seeker of truth fighting against overwhelming odds. This is the conventional image of “the scientist”. Just think of Galileo. He had to single-handedly discover the laws of falling bodies in a physical world all too reluctant to give up its secrets, improve the telescope and face the wrath of the Church, but his devotion to scientific truth changed history. (2) (3) (4) (5) I think the heroic model is being abandoned a bit too hastily. Just as individuals can change deeply-rooted national policies by taking on government or big business, so individual scientists can confront established scientific prejudices and change the course of science. (6) (7) (8) (9) So, the lonely scientist fighting against all odds can triumph. Purdey and Hooper can be seen as contemporary equivalents of Galileo. But who is the Church in this case? Not a religious establishment, but a scientific one. As far as the individual scientist working on his or her own is concerned, the Church has been replaced by rigidly dogmatic institutions of science - large laboratories, academic research institutions and government ministries. (10) ア Perhaps the real moral is that institutions of all kinds tend to suppress uncomfortable truths. And a lonely scientist armed with truth can still be a powerful force. イ Nowadays, however, major discoveries are seldom made by individual scientists. Much of contemporary science is corporate science, involving huge laboratories where large groups of scientists work on individual problems. ウ Worse : Purdey had his own theory, unacceptable to establishment science, which blamed legally required insecticides. Ten years of lonely research eventually linked BSE with an excess of the metal manganese, a connection recently confirmed by a research team in Cambridge. エ Not surprisingly, then, most philosophers and sociologists of science have given up the heroic model. The individual seeker of scientific truth, working alone, may occasionally discover a comet or two, but on the whole, the argument goes, he or she has little to contribute to science as such. オ On the other hand, Isaac Newton's Principle, Mathematica is commonly thought to be the climax of the seventeenth century's scientific revolution, a great burst of systematic, ordered, and empirical science ― though preceding Newton were great successes in physiology and astronomy. カ Of course, there are serious problems with this romantic picture. Galileo was not as innocent as we might think, and his observations have been shown to be less than strictly scientific. But Galileo does provide us with a heroic model of science where the heroes, the individual scientists working on their own, make major discoveries. キ We do not have to look very far to find another example of the heroic model in action. The most recent is Aids researcher Edward Hooper, who denies that HIV was caused by a chimpanzee virus. Instead he shows that most cases of Aids in Africa came from the same places where an experimental oral polio vaccine called Chat was used. ク Mark Purdey provides us with an example of how this can be done. Purdey is an organic farmer who was suspicious of the official version of the origins of BSE (so-called " mad cow disease ")・ He noticed that his cows never touched the " cattle cake " that contained the ground-up brains of sheep and cows, yet they became sick with BSE. Purdey's detailed records were available for inspection, but who would listen to a mere farmer? 2 (A) 次の文章は,死に対して人間の抱く恐怖が動物の場合とどのように異なると論じているか。50~60語程度の英語で述べよ。 死の恐怖を知るのは人間だけであると考えられる。もちろん,動物も死を避けようとする。ライオンに追いかけられるシマウマは,殺されて食べられるのを恐れて必死で逃げる。しかし,これと人間の死の恐怖は異なる。動物は目の前に迫った死の危険を恐れるだけだが,人間は,遠い先のことであろうが,いつの日か自分が死ぬと考えただけで怖い。人間は,自分の持ち時間が永遠でないことを恐れるのである。 (B) 次の会話文を読み,話がつながるように空所(1)~(3)を英語で埋めよ。(2), (3)については,それぞれ10~20語程度とすること。 A : Say, what do you think was the greatest invention or discovery of the twentieth century? B : That's a hard question, because there were so many of them. But if I had to name only one, it would be (1) . A : Why? B : Because (2) . A : It may sound strange, but I take the opposite view. I think that was the worst because (3) . 3 放送を聞いて問題(A),(B),(C)に答えよ。 注 意 ・聞き取り問題は試験開始後45分経過した頃から約30分間放送される。 ・放送を聞きながらメモを取ってもよいが,解答は解答用紙の所定欄に記入せよ。 ・放送が終わった後も,この問題の解答を続けてよい。 これから放送するのは,ある城の見学ツア-をめぐる会話である。それを聞いて,以下の設問に答えよ。放送は3つの部分に分かれており,Part Aはホテルの係員と観光客との会話,Part Bは城を案内するガイドと観光客との会話,Part Cはみやげ物屋での観光客同士の会話である。Part AとPart Bはそれぞれ3回,Part Cは2回繰り返して放送される。 (A) ホテルの係員の説明によると,以下のア~コの中で,現在行われているツアーに含まれていないものはどれか。 3つを選び,その記号を記せ。 ア Towers イ The Rose Garden ウ The Grand Hall エ Shakespeare performances オ Changing of the Guard カ Scottish dancing キ Chichester geese ク The Isabella Pond ケ A special meal コ The banquet room (B) 次の各文が放送の内容と一致するように,それぞれ正しいものを選び,その記号を記せ。 (1) The river Brent protects the castle on the ア west. イ north and south. ウ west, south and east. エ north, east and south. (2) The tunnel ア is part of the tour. イ is supposed to be haunted. ウ is a part of the castle’s defences. エ is more than seven hundred years old. (3) The new chapel ア is supposed to be haunted. イ is next to the Rose Garden. ウ has been painted several times. エ has narrower windows than the rest of the castle. (4) The construction of the castle began in ア 1370. イ 1609. ウ 1713. エ 1730. (5) The tower ア has a bell. イ blocks the afternoon sun. ウ is supposed to be haunted. エ gives a beautiful view of the castle. (6) The female tourist ア hates the tour guide. イ is dressed all in grey. ウ is frightened of ghosts. エ thinks the tower looks really golden in the afternoon sun. (7) The tour guide ア promises to tell the story of his brother later. イ describes the story of the Grey Lady as tragic. ウ believes that the original chapel was better than the new one. エ tells the tourists that water from the castle well is used in the Rose Garden. (8) The tourists see the following parts of the castle, in the following order : ア castle walls ― tunnel ― well ― new chapel ― Souvenir Shop. イ main gate - tunnel - well ― new chapel ― Grey Lady Tower. ウ main gate ― guard ― house ― well ― Rose Garden ― new chapel. エ main gate - guard - house - tunnel ― Grey Lady Tower ― Visitors' Centre. (9) 次の各文が放送の内容と一致するように,それぞれ正しいものを選び,その記号を記せ。 (1) For Bobby, they buy a toy ア lamb. イ ram. (2) For Susan, they buy a book called ア Aging Emperors, イ Asian Emperors. (3) For Rex, they buy a plastic ア ball. イ bowl. (4) For themselves, they buy a case of wine and get free ア shipping. イ sipping. 4 (A) 次の英文には,文法上あるいは文脈上取り除かなければならない語が全部で5語ある。それぞれどのセンテンスのどの語か。解答欄のアの欄にセンテンス番号を,イの欄にその語を記せ。 (1) Some of philosophers come to the conclusion that there is no such thing as philosophical progress, and that philosophy itself is nothing but its history. (2) This view has been proposed by more than one philosopher and it has been called “historicism”. (3) This idea that philosophy consists not only of its history is a strange one, but it has been defended with apparently striking arguments. (4) However, we shall not find ourselves are compelled to take such a view. (5)I intend to take an entirely different in view of philosophy. (6) For example, all of you have probably read some of Plato's Dialogues. (7) There, Socrates asks questions and receives various answers. (8) He asks what it was meant by these answers, why a particular word was used in this way or that way. (9) In short, Socrates' philosophy tried to clarify thought by analyzing the meaning of our expressions. (B) 次の英文の下線部(1),(2)を和訳せよ。(1)については,itが何を指すか明らかになるように訳すこと。 Indeed, in the year 1000 there was no concept of an antiseptic at all. If a piece of food fell off your plate, the advice of one contemporary document was to pick it up, make the sign of the cross over it, salt it well ― and then eat it. The sign of the cross was, so to speak, the antiseptic of the year 1000. The person who dropped his food on the floor knew that he was taking some sort of risk when he picked it up and put it in his mouth, but he trusted in his faith. Today we have faith in modern medicine, though (1)few of us can claim much personal knowledge of how it actually works. (2) We also know that the ability to combat quite major illnesses can be affected by what we call “a positive state of mind” ― what the Middle Ages experienced as “faith”. 5 次の英文を読み,以下の設問に答えよ。解答は解答用紙の所定欄に記せ。 She said to him, ‘On your birthday, McCreedy, what do you want to do?’ She always called him McCreedy. You would have thought by now, after being his wife for so long, she should have started to call him John, but she never did. He called her Hilda; she called him McCreedy, as if he was a ( 1 ), as if he was a footballer she had seen on the television. ‘What would the kids like?’ he said. She lighted up a cigarette. (2)Her twentieth or thirtieth that Sunday, he had stopped counting. ‘Never mind the kids, McCreedy,’ she said. ‘It's your birthday.’ ‘Go back to Ireland,’ he said. ‘That's what I'd like. Go back there for ( 3 ).’ She put out the cigarette. Typical, he thought. (4)She was always changing her mind about everything, minute to minute. ‘When you've got a sensible answer,’ she said, ‘let me know what it is.’ He went out into the garden where his nine-year-old daughter, Katy, was playing on her own. Katy and the garden had something in common : they were both small and it looked as if they would never be beautiful no matter how hard anyone tried, because Katy ( 5 ) her dad. More's the pity. Now the two of them were in the neglected garden together, with the North London September sun quite warm on them, and McCreedy said to the daughter he tried so hard to love, ‘What’ll we do on my birthday, then, Katy?’ She was playing with her showily stylish little dolls. She held them by their shapely legs and their golden hair waved around like flags. ‘I don’t know,’ she said. He sat on a plastic garden chair and she laid her nymphs side by side.’Cindy and Barbie are getting stung,’ she complained. ‘Who's stinging them, darling?’ ‘Those plants, of course. Cut them down, can't you?’ ‘Oh no,’ he said, looking at where they grew so fiercely, crowding out the roses Hilda planted years ago. ‘(6)Saving them, sweetheart.’ ‘Why?’ ‘For soup. Nettle soup ― to make you beautiful.’ She looked at him gravely. For nine years, she had believed everything he had said. (7)Now she was on a cliff-edge, almost ready to fly off. ‘Will it?’ ‘Sure it will. You wait and ( 8 ).’ Later in the day, when his son Michael came in, McCreedy stopped him before he went up to his room. He was thirteen. ‘Your mother was wondering what we might all do on my birthday. If you had any thoughts about it...?’ Michael shrugged. It was as if he knew he was untouchable, unconquerable. He was the future. (9)He didn't have to give the present any attention. ‘No,’ he said. ‘Not specially. How old are you anyway?’ ‘Forty-five. Or it might be a year more. I don't remember.’ ‘Come on, Dad. Everyone remembers their age.’ ‘Well, I don't. ( 10 ) since I left Ireland. I used to know it then, but that's long ago.’ ‘Ask Mum, then. She'll know.’ Michael went on up the stairs, scuffing the carpet with the smelly shoes he wore. No thoughts. No ideas. Not specially. And again McCreedy was alone. (1) 空所( 1 )を埋めるのに最も適当な語を次のうちから選び,その記号を記せ。 ア brother イ father ウ master エ stranger (2) 下線部(2)を和訳せよ。 (3) 空所( 3 )を埋めるのに最も適当な語を次のうちから選び,その記号を記せ。 ア all イ dead ウ good ェ granted (4) 下線部(4)には誰のどのような気持ちが表われているか。最も適当なものを次のうちから選び,その記号を記せ。 ア 妻の柔軟なものの考え方に対する夫の驚嘆が表われている。 イ 妻の日頃の生活態度に対する夫のいらだちが表われている。 ウ 夫の強い望郷の念に共感できない妻の不満が表われている。 エ 夫の非常識な発言を理解できない妻の困惑が表われている。 (5) 空所( 5 )を埋めるのに最も適当な語を次のうちから選び,その記号を記せ。 ア recognised イ represented ウ resembled ェ respected (6) 下線部(6)を,themが何を指すか明らかになるように和訳せよ。 (7) 下線部(7)は,彼女の中にどのような気持ちが芽生えたことを表わしているか。10字以内で記せ。 (8) 空所( 8 )を埋めるのに最も適当な英語1語を記せ。 (9) 下線部(9)を和訳せよ。 (10) 次のうちから空所( 10 )を埋めることができない語を1つ選び,その記号を記せ。 ア Especially イ Ever ウ Lately エ Not「東大のディープな英語」 佐藤ヒロシp.104-109は上記設問の(7)(8)(太字)の抜き出し一部改めたものである。(7) There, Socrates asks questions and receives various answers. (8)He asks what it was meant by these answers, why a particular word was used in this way or that way.下線部の中から不要となる語句を一語取り除け。In Plato's Dialohues, Socrates asks question and receives various answers. He asks what it was meant by these answers, why a particular word was used in this way or that way.関係代名詞の直後には、名詞要素(主語・目的語などの)が欠落した構造が続く。欠落している名詞とは関係詞の前にある先行詞です。つまり、whatの直後を名詞欠落文にするには、itを消去しなければならあい。→He asks [what it was meant by these answers]訳例:プラトンの「対話篇」で、ソクラテスは様々な問いかけを行い、様々な答えを得る。彼はこうした答えの意味するもの、あれこれの方法である特定の言葉が用いられる理由を問うているのである。(#1)先日、たまたま初めて気がついたのですが、私の電動歯ブラシは白くて、持ち手の部分には直立した2本の青いゴムの筋が入っていました。歯ブラシのスイッチを入れるボタンも同じ青いゴムでできている。ブラシ本体の青い部分もおそろいで、ブラシの持ち手の根元には色のついたリング状のゴムがついていました。これは私が想像していたよりもずっと丁寧に考えられたデザインであった。プラスチック製の使い捨てカミソリもそうだった。もし私の歯ブラシやカミソリが台座に取り付けられていたら、それは彫刻になっていたかもしれない。もしそれらが芸術作品として提示されていたら、私はオブジェ以上のものを見ただろうし、形がそれ自体に生命を与え、永続的な価値を生み出す方法の中で、より深いものを見ただろう。"トマス・カーライルは著書『サーター・リザータス』の中で、「正しい見方をすれば、最も意味のないものは取るに足らないものではなく、すべてのものは窓のようなものであり、哲学的な目が無限そのものを覗き込むことができる」と書いている。💛おお、カーライルの『サーター・レザータス』の文章が出てくる。新渡戸稲造が母を亡くした後絶望の淵にあったのを救い出した本だ。「東大のディープな英語」「はじめに」よりso があらわす因果関係に注目して文章をとらえる 自動詞と他動詞の違い 接続詞「as」と「SはCである」の「等式」形容詞の2つの働きとV+A+for+Bのパターン第4文型(主語+述語+目的語+目的語の文型)some / many /most/all に続く of 以下 → 「特定のもの(決定詞を伴う名詞または代名詞)」がこなければならない。A let alone B は、A ≦ B(BはAより程度の上回るもの)A even B は A ≦ Bthat節を後続に置ける動詞は思考・認識・感情・発言系A if not B A≦B BとはいわないまでもA & collocationを覚えるメリットA rather than B などの対立関係①動詞1つにつき、主語は1つ ②前置詞のついた名詞は主語にならない名詞は文中での働きは1つだけAmong +(複数)名詞+be+名詞(S) と 情報構造「情報構造」の考え方は、英文読解には欠くことのできない考え方等位接続詞に対する意識の有無が正解を導きだせるかの分岐点butの等位接続詞に留意東大は「省略」に気がついているか頻繫に下線部和訳で問いかける英文の省略(norの場合)前置詞が副詞化するケースは、目的語となる名詞が明らかなために省略